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<h1 align="left">Bartlett's Unfamiliar Model Languages</h1>
<p align="left"><a href="https://www.smart.net/%7Ebartlett">Mr. Bartlett</a>
has posted these summaries by e-mail, and kindly gave me permission to
include them here. </p>
<div align="left">
<ul>
<li><a href="#Afrihili">Afrihili: an African IAL</a> </li>
<li><a href="#Eurolengo">Eurolengo: the Language for Europe</a> </li>
<li><a href="#Frater">Frater: an IAL from Vietnam</a> </li>
<li><a href="#Oz">Oz: an <i>A Priori </i>Language</a></li>
<li><a href="#Tutonish">Tutonish: an Anglo-German Union Tongue</a> </li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2 align="left"><a name="Afrihili"></a>Afrihili: an African IAL</h2>
<p align="left">Date: Tue, 4 Jun 1996 </p>
<p align="left">From: Paul O Bartlett</p>
<p align="left">To: Conlang List <conlang@diku.dk></p>
<p align="left">Subject: CONLANG: Frater: an IAL from Vietnam</p>
<p align="left">Yesterday, I was browsing at the U.S. Library of Congress,
and I came across a rather unusual auxiliary language. As the readers
of CONLANG know, the overwhelming majority of international auxiliary
language (IAL) projects are of European ambiance: their authors are from
Europe or North America, with a few from Latin (i.e., European) America.
Afrihili is different: it comes from Africa.</p>
<p align="left">K. A. Kumi Attobrah<br>
<i>Ni Afrihili Oluga: The African Continental Language<br>
</i>Accra, Ghana; 2nd ed., 1973<br>
Lib. of Cong. call no. PM8063.A8 1973<br>
no ISBN</p>
<p align="left">Language of discussion is English, and the physical format
is a bit odd. Although I did not measure it, the dimensions of the book
were perhaps 12x35 cm. It was a book of ten lessons. Regrettably, there
was no English key for many of the examples.</p>
<p align="left">In the introduction, the author wrote,</p>
<p align="left"><cite>El-Afrihili is an African language which has been
created incorporating grammar and words from the languages of the African
continent. It also contains words from many other sources so Africanized
that they do not appear foreign.</cite></p>
<p align="left"><cite>...</cite></p>
<p align="left"><cite>El-Afrihili has been created with a view for it being
adopted as the lingua franca of Africa.</cite></p>
<p align="left">Unfortunately, the author does not identify his source languages,
and as I have no experience with such, all I can say is that the result
was totally unintelligible at sight to an Indo-European-only speaker.</p>
<p align="left">From what I could tell, the phonology of Afrihili would
not be too difficult for Indo-European speakers. The orthography used
the unaccented Roman alphabet with the addition of two non-Roman letters:
an e-vowel much like the vowel in French <i>meme</i> (SAMPA IPA /E/) and
shaped much like a backwards Arabic numeral '3', and an o-vowel much like
the vowel in English <i>nought</i> or <i>naught</i> (SAMPA IPA /O:/) shaped
like the IPA symbol representing the same sound. In the sample, I will
represent these letters by <i>e^</i> (e-circumflex) and <i>o`</i> (o-grave).</p>
<p align="left">Afrihili's grammar, at first perusal, was definitely non-Indo-European.
It used categories and made distinctions unknown to IE tongues of my acquaintance.
However, I did not have the time to copy down copious examples, but I
noted such things as different kinds of future tenses, and so on. Consider
nouns. As a somewhat schematized synthetic language, in Afrihili all nouns,
and only nouns, both begin and end in vowels. To form the plural of a
noun, convert the initial vowel into the terminal vowel! There were also
various kinds of infixes which change the meaning of a word, such as relationship
to the speaker.</p>
<p align="left">The following is a short sample of Afrihili. Again, because
there was no key, I cannot give a translation of it.</p>
<p align="left"><cite>Kwaku na Akua mai atapiro atajirin we^na liwa yide
fu kusa. Ni atapiro atajirin mai imulezi ibarin we^na ye^ f'amotsoala.
Ni amotsoala ye^ arenobo kika Kwaku na Akua baitu fu duka ye^ ukuetu upapam
tare.</cite></p>
<p align="left"><cite>Ku atapiro mai afu okisiwa so nehi nesa be^, na ni
imao no inta tabonadi you. Fumai arafi f'amotsoala to` okisiwa.<br>
</cite> </p>
<h2 align="left"><a name="Eurolengo"></a>Eurolengo: the Language for Europe</h2>
<p align="left">Date: Fri, 29 Mar 1996 07:16:01 -0500 (EST) </p>
<p align="left">From: Paul O Bartlett <pobart@ACCESS.DIGEX.NET></p>
<p align="left">To: Conlang List <conlang@diku.dk></p>
<p align="left">Cc: Philip Hunt <philip@storcomp.demon.co.uk></p>
<p align="left">Subject: CONLANG: Brief Review of Eurolengo</p>
<p align="left">Yesterday I was at the U.S. Library of Congress, and I had
the chance to peruse the book on Eurolengo. Some of you may already be
familiar with it, but I thought I would toss out a brief review. </p>
<div align="left">
<ul>
<li>Jones, Leslie </li>
<li><i>Eurolengo: the Language for Europe</i> </li>
<li>Newcastle upon Tyne: Oriel Press </li>
<li>1972 </li>
<li>ISBN 0-85362-140-3 </li>
<li>Lib. Cong. call no. PM8310.J6 </li>
<li>apparently out of print in US and UK </li>
<li>decent printing job </li>
</ul>
</div>
<p align="left">There are only 7 pages of introductory material, which outline
the author's purpose, phonology (nothing startling) and spelling, grammar,
and miscellaneous matter (numbers, calendar, etc.), followed by 60 pages
of lessons in Eurolengo and English on facing pages, 15 pages of words
and phrases in common usage together with prepositions, conjunctions,
primary adverbs, and the like, and two vocabularies. The Eurolengo-English
vocabulary appears to have about 1800 entries.</p>
<p align="left">Eurolengo, as one might expect from the name, is a sort
of Euroclone, another Anglo-Romance hybrid. The author says that the primary
languages are English and Spanish, as these are the two most widely spoken
(world-wide) west European languages. He also used the other Romance and
Germanic languages to some extent.</p>
<p align="left">In many ways, Eurolengo reminded me of Phil Hunt's <a href="https://www.warwick.ac.uk/~xuuat/phil/euro.html"><b>Eurolang</b></a>
(and more than just in similarity of name). Although Eurolengo did not
seem to have Eurolang's word-building affixes, its verb system was a little
more extensive than the latter's. I found that after glancing at the pronoun
table and the verb endings list, I could more or less read texts without
too much difficulty, which, of course, was probably the author's intention.</p>
<p align="left">Eurolengo seemed to me to be a modest but sincere attempt
to provide a common west European auxlang. I don't know whether it went
anywhere after the publication of the initial book, as often happens with
one-man projects.</p>
<p align="left">Paul<br>
</p>
<hr align="left">
<p align="left">Date: Tue, 2 Apr 1996 05:05:42 -0500 (EST) </p>
<p align="left">From: Paul O Bartlett <pobart@ACCESS.DIGEX.NET></p>
<p align="left">To: "Raymond A. Brown" <raybrown@macline.co.uk></p>
<p align="left">Cc: conlang@diku.dk</p>
<p align="left">Subject: CONLANG: Eurolengo Reprise</p>
<p align="left">Recently I posted on CONLANG a brief review of the IAL Eurolengo,
published in Britain in 1972. One reader asked for a sample, which I neglected
to copy off. Since then, I have had the chance to look at the book again,
and I photocopied what I think is a reasonably representative sample of
the language, with its English translation.</p>
<p align="left">Eurolengo does use an acute accent over some vowels solely
for the purpose of marking stress, not vowel quality. This is a little
curious in practice, since the monosyllabic particle 'ke' is often marked.
Why a monosyllable is marked for stress I don't know, but I have reproduced
the accents in this sample. (I apologise for not having copied off the
pronunciation guide, but the author gave a whole list of "difficult"
sounds from various European languages he had eliminated.)</p>
<p align="left">Leson die'snyn AJENSIE DE VOYAJE Die'snynde leson</p>
<p align="left">Aur no parlara de visitar in autland. If it istara voster
primer visit in autland, it istara saje irar a un ajent de voyages and
areglar voster voyaje and voster akomodasion per lo. Vos nesesitara savar
in avanse voster date de depart, vo vos desara visitar and quand vos returnara.
El ofrara vos un opsion de voyajar per air, per mar and per tren or per
bus, akordant a voster gusto. El fixara also un hotal de kelquero klas
o un pension, akordant a le monie ke' vos kano afordar. Jeneralik, el
donara vos un inklusive prys for voster voyaje and voster akomodasion,
so dat, in un pok de dags, vos kano ira a loz ofis para kolektar voster
tikets. Komo le wurld deveno petiter and mucher persons deso voyajar in
autland, dar isto mucher demand for reservasions, espesialik in le popular
monds de mai a september inklusive; it isto saje ferar fru voster plans.
If vos habo un karavan o un tent, it isto nesesarie solik reservar voster
kros-kanal pasaje for le depart and return, perkause dar isto so mucho
bie'n equipado kamping plases. If vos isto unlukos and vos findo ke' le
kamping plas ke' vos habo selektado ist= o ful, vos kano pasar un nakt
in un feld o a le kote de le rute. Apre' al, vos isto komo un eskargo,
kon voster home on le dos and vos habo bast manjar and trinkar in voster
karavan o tent. If vos isto un experter voyajor, vos ferara sel le areglements,
menos posabelik le mar-krosants.</p>
<p align="left">Lesson nineteen TRAVEL AGENCY Nineteenth lesson</p>
<p align="left">Now we will talk about visiting a foreign country. If it
will be your first visit abroad, it will be wise to go to a travel agent
and arrange your journey and your accommodation through him. You will
need to know in advance your date of departure, where you will wish to
visit and when you will return. He will offer you a choice of traveling
by air, by sea and by train or by bus, according to your taste. He will
fix a hotel of whatever class or a pension according to the money you
can afford. Generally, he will give you an inclusive price for your journey
and your accommodation, so that, in a few days, you can go to his office
to collect your tickets. As the world becomes smaller and more people
wish to travel abroad, there is more demand for reservations, especially
in the popular months from May to September inclusive; it is wise to make
your plans early. If you have a caravan or a tent, it is only necessary
to book your cross channel passage for the departure and the return, because
there are so many well equipped camping sites. If you are unlucky and
you find that the camping site you have selected is full, you can spend
a night in a field or at the side of the road. After all, you are like
a snail with you[r] home on your back and you have enough to eat and drink
in your caravan or tent. If you are a more experienced traveler, you will
make the arrangements yourself, except perhaps the sea crossings.</p>
<p align="left">Paul <br>
</p>
<h2 align="left"><a name="Frater"></a>Frater: an IAL from Vietnam</h2>
<p align="left">Date: Sat, 30 Mar 1996 18:44:36 -0500 (EST) </p>
<p align="left">From: Paul O Bartlett <pobart@ACCESS.DIGEX.NET></p>
<p align="left">To: Conlang List <conlang@diku.dk></p>
<p align="left">Subject: CONLANG: Frater: an IAL from Vietnam</p>
<p align="left">Most international auxiliary language projects seems to
originate in western Europe and the Americas. Today I had the opportunity
to examine one from what was to me an unexpected venue: Vietnam. And the
author being Vietnamese in the 1950s, I would have expected the discussion
of it to be in French. On the contrary, it was in good English. </p>
<div align="left">
<ul>
<li>Pham Xuan Thai </li>
<li><i>FRATER (LINGUA SISTEMFRATER): The Simplest International</i>
</li>
<li><i>Language Ever Constructed</i> </li>
<li>Saigon: TU-HAI Publishing House </li>
<li>1957 </li>
<li>no ISBN </li>
<li>275 pp. </li>
<li>decent printing job, some corrections made by hand </li>
<li>paper bound (originally) </li>
</ul>
</div>
<p align="left">Although the vocabulary is largely, though not totally,
Greco-Latin in origin (with some roots modified to fit the phonology),
Frater is not just another Euroclone, for its word building and syntax
are rather un-European.</p>
<p align="left">There are 18 pages of forward, largely given over to a brief
survey of the IAL movement. Towards the end of the foreward, the author
writes,</p>
<p align="left">With the hope of contributing a modest part in the construction
of a satisfactory international language advocated by peace-loving people,
I have much pleasure in publishing my world auxiliary project, named Lingua
Sistemfrater (Brotherhood Language) or merely Frater.</p>
<p align="left">Frater based on Latin and Greek roots of international currency
is designed with due regard to needs of the Chinese, Japanese and other
non-Aryan speech-communities. <i>[Note: this probably accounts for a lot
of the root modification-pb]</i></p>
<p align="left">Frater is usable as an efficient instrument of communication
in everyday life and technical discussion. It is easy to learn whatever
the mother tongue of the beginner may be. The memory of the beginner has
something to bite on thanks to the mnemonic method used in the Frater
lexicon.</p>
<p align="left">To learn, to read, to write and to speak it fluently, it
would take an educated man three months and a plain man six months.</p>
<p align="left">In the foreward, Thai acknowledges the influence of Bodmer's
<i>The Loom of Language</i>. </p>
<h3 align="left">Following the forward are the 12 Rules of Frater (Lingua
Sistemfrater):</h3>
<p align="left"><b>Rule 1.-</b>In Frater, there is neither article nor flexion,
nor elision, nor affix, nor concord of tense, of mood, of gender, of number.</p>
<p align="left"><b>Rule 2.-</b>The noun, the adjective, the verb and the
adverb have the same root.</p>
<p align="left"><b>Rule 3.-</b>The adjective is always placed after the
noun with the exception of cardinal numbers.</p>
<p align="left">The comparative of equality is translated with JE: as...
as.</p>
<p align="left">The comparative of superiority with PLUS: more... than.</p>
<p align="left">The comparative of inferiority with PLUSNE: less... than.</p>
<p align="left">The superlative of superiority is translated with PLASUNI:
the most.</p>
<p align="left">The superlative of inferiority with PLASUNINE: the least.</p>
<p align="left">The absolute superlative is translated with TELE: very.</p>
<p align="left"><b>Rule 4.-</b>The cardinal numbers are:</p>
<p align="left">Uni: 1; bi: 2; tri: 3; kuadri: 4; kuinti: 5; ses: 6; sep:
7; okta:</p>
<p align="left">8; nona: 9; deka: 10; senti: 100; mil: 1000; milion: 1.000.000;
miliar: 1.000.000.000.</p>
<p align="left">The cardinal numbers once placed after the nouns become
ordinal numbers.</p>
<p align="left">The multiplicative numbers are formed by adding the word
TEM (time) to the cardinal numbers.</p>
<p align="left">The fractional numbers are formed by adding the word UNISUR
(one above) to the cardinal numbers.</p>
<p align="left">The collective numbers are formed by adding PER (by) to
the cardinal numbers.</p>
<p align="left"><i>[Note: other cardinal numbers are formed from the simple
ones much</i></p>
<p align="left"><i>as in, say, </i><a
href="https://wwwtios.cs.utwente.nl/esperanto/"><b><i>Esperanto</i></b></a>-pb]</p>
<p align="left"><b>Rule 5.</b>-The personal pronouns are:</p>
<p align="left">Mi: I; me Mis: we; us</p>
<p align="left">Ni: you (singular) Nis: you (plural)</p>
<p align="left">Ili: he; him; she; her; it Ilis: they; them</p>
<p align="left">Antrop: one, they;</p>
<p align="left">The possessive pronouns are formed by adding the word OT
(of) to the personal pronouns.</p>
<p align="left"><b>Rule 6.-</b>The verb is absolutely invariant in person
and in number.</p>
<p align="left">Pas (past) denotes the past tense;</p>
<p align="left">Futur (future) denotes the future tense;</p>
<p align="left">Intem (In time) denotes the gerund;</p>
<p align="left">Probable (probably) denotes the conditional tense;</p>
<p align="left">The passive voice is formed by adding the auxiliary verb
Es (to be) to the infinitive.</p>
<p align="left"><b>Rule 7.-</b>There is no inverting in the following word-order
of Frater, except in poetry:</p>
<p align="left">Subject-Verb-Object</p>
<p align="left"><i>[Note: later discussion indicates that some interrogatives
are</i></p>
<p align="left"><i>formed by inverting subject and verb-pb]</i></p>
<p align="left"><b>Rule 8.-</b>Each word is pronounced absolutely as it
is written: each letter has always the same sound.</p>
<p align="left"><b>Rule 9.-</b>The stress is placed on the last syllable
of the word.</p>
<p align="left"><a name="Rule10"></a><b>Rule 10.-</b>Compounds are obtained
by the mere combination of the elements that form them, the fundamental
one being always placed at the beginning.</p>
<p align="left"><b>Rule 11.-</b>If there is in the sentence another word
having a negative meaning, the adverb NE (not) is omitted.</p>
<p align="left"><b>Rule 12.-</b>Foreign words, namely international words,
if they are formed by the roots existing in Frater, change according to
<a href="#Rule10">Rule 10</a>. In case their roots do not exist in Frater,
they do not change. They only take the spelling of the language.</p>
<p align="left">Following these rules are thirteen pages which largely elaborate
on them and also deal with interrogatives, which the Rules do not discuss.
There are also lists of primary adverbs, conjunctions, and prepositions.
Here can can see some non-Greco-Latin elements, such as BSERA (yesterday)
and SAFTRA (tomorrow): but compare POSTESAFTRA (day after tomorrow).</p>
<p align="left">Frater's phonology is fairly simple: there are five vowels
and thirteen consonants, written with eighteen letters of the Roman alphabet,
CHQVWXYZ not being used. There is little actual description of the sounds,
but the vowels AEIOU seem to have more or less the so-called continental
pronunciation. Consonants are about as one would expect, except that J
is pronounced /z/.</p>
<p align="left">This simple phonology means that some words, especially
proper names, undergo some modification, such as V -> B, as Venezuela
-> Benesuela. Also, there seems to be some adaptation to the phonetic
habits of non-Europeans: ABRIKO (apricot); ABSOB (absorb).</p>
<p align="left">Nevertheless, more consonant clusters persisted than I might
have expected in a language designed by an Asian. (I am not especially
familiar with Vietnamese, and maybe they don't have as much problem with
consonant clusters as some other east Asians.) However, if a largely Greco-Latin
vocabulary is to be at least marginally recognizable, the roots cannot
undergo too much mangling.</p>
<p align="left">There are several distinctive features of the language which
I noted. Roots can serve indifferently as nouns, adjectives, verbs, and
adverbs with no modification. (There are no part of speech markers, not
even something like <a
href="https://www.access.digex.net/~pobart/glosa.html"><b>Glosa</b></a>'s u/plu.)
Except for cardinal numbers, _all_ modifiers come after the word they
modify. (A following number is an ordinal.) MENSA MI is "my table."
Unlike most west European languages, Frater does not have separate gender
forms for the third person pronoun, even in the singular.</p>
<p align="left">In compounds, the lexically most significant element comes
first, with qualificative roots coming after-this is just the exact opposite
of English usage. Frater has no particular system of lexical affixes,
in the manner of <a
href="https://wwwtios.cs.utwente.nl/esperanto/"><b>Esperanto</b></a>, <a href="https://members.aol.com/langsource/ido.htm"><b>Ido</b></a>,
<a href="https://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/3141/novial.html"><b>Novial</b></a>,
or even <a
href="https://ourworld.compuserve.com:80/homepages/Paolo_Castellina"><b>Interlingua</b></a>,
but it makes very heavy use of compounding, even in what I call "grammatical
stickum" words: TEMKIA (when: TEM = time + KIA = what). Also, sometimes
a compound is used in place of an existing Greco-Latin form: ASURAU (alphabet:
A + SURA = till + U).</p>
<p align="left">Following the didactic matter, there are 112 pages of parallel
texts in Frater and English, including the entire 1945 Charter of the
United Nations. Then come 51 pages of the English-Frater lexicon and 71
pages of the Frater-English lexicon.</p>
<p align="left">I might note here that I could not make a good estimate
at first glance how many primary roots there are because of the extensive
number of compound entries in the vocabularies.</p>
<p align="left">I put the book on reserve at the Library of Congress in
case I can get back to it in the next three days, but my preliminary impression
is that Frater is a workable language which might be more acceptable to
east Asians than many of the Euroclones. With its non-west-European compounding
and syntax, the learning difficulty is spread out a little more. However,
I am not aware that it ever "went anywhere," like so many IAL
projects.</p>
<p align="left">Following are a few short parallel Frater and English specimens.</p>
<p align="left">(Apart from the UN charter, most of the texts have to do
with ethics, religion, and peace.) </p>
<h4 align="left">SISTEMINDI</h4>
<p align="left">Kones na, mi es ili, na es senti per donmaga e rigidauto,
Sefal maga ot geo tuta, filo ot stofbio tuta, ili gain a pasi.</p>
<p align="left">O antrop arme-forse, oto re logo surantrop ot mi, na logo
futur ili a oto alegro ot ni, kon desir pro beni ni.</p>
<p align="left">Mi don Lega ot kones a ilis, ne es temtuta sub Lega, ador
mi kon aktofilo, ilis aribe per dis a mi. </p>
<h4 align="left">HINDUISM</h4>
<p align="left">Knowing that I am he whom sacrifice and austerity touch,
the great lord of all worlds, the friend of all born beings, he wins to
peace.</p>
<p align="left">Again, O strong-armed one, hearken to my sublime tale, which
in desire for thy weal I will recite to thy delighted ear.</p>
<p align="left">On these, who are ever under the Rule, worshipping me with
love, I bestow the Rule of understanding, whereby they come to me. </p>
<div align="left">
<ul>
<li>Bhagavad-Gita </li>
</ul>
</div>
<h4 align="left">SISTEMSINTO</h4>
<p align="left">Benkia antrop prepara pro mis uni dom pur, e don na stof
rare ot geo, benkia ilis pende stofdon ot sep stof balormaga, e deman
kon kardi berita a mis in sentimulti jur, promulti mis aksepne futur pro
paso in dom ot andro moralne e abaris. Sed mis bisit futur sekur dom ot
ilis, omo in sentimorta abenne deman, si aktoben-filo es temtuta na. Reson
es, mis fakto aktoben-filo domador ot mis.</p>
<p align="left">Antrop tuta oto! Si nis desir obten asista ot Dio, eteks
lebanauto.</p>
<p align="left">Kapila ot lebanauto gardi eks omo nis ot Diomulti, omo nefelo
maga.</p>
<p align="left">Antrop tuta oto! Dio ben eureka forse e suporta ot ilis
in piet.</p>
<p align="left">Ilis filo ne prona stofdon ot ilis, na esersis festi moros.
</p>
<h4 align="left">SHINTO</h4>
<p align="left">Even though men prepare for us a pure abode and offer there
the rare things of the land, though they hang up offerings of the seven
precious things, and with anxious hearts pray to us for hundreds of days,
yet will we refuse to enter the house of the depraved and miserly. But
we will surely visit the dwellings even of those in deep mourning without
an invitation, if loving-kindness is there always. The reason is that
we make loving-kindness our shintai.</p>
<p align="left">Hear all men! If you desire to obtain help from the Gods,
put away pride. Even a hair of pride shuts you off from the Gods as it
were by a great cloud.</p>
<p align="left">Hear all men! The good Kami find their strength and their
support in piety. Therefore they love not the offerings of those who practise
tedious ceremonies. </p>
<div align="left">
<ul>
<li>Oracles of the Gods of Kasuga </li>
</ul>
</div>
<h4 align="left">SISTEMJUDA</h4>
<p align="left">Ni benjanse ne, sentianti ne infanmulti ot demo ni, sed
ni obliga filo androbisini ni omo ni; Mi es Dio.</p>
<p align="left">Thou shalt not avenge, nor bear any grudge against the children
of thy people, but thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself, I am the Lord.
</p>
<div align="left">
<ul>
<li>Leviticus 19:18 </li>
</ul>
</div>
<p align="left">Paul </p>
<h2 align="left"><a name="Oz"></a>Oz: an <i>A Priori </i>Language</h2>
<p align="left"> Date: 7/30/99<br>
From: Paul Bartlett<br>
To: Jeff Henning</p>
<p align="left">Charles Milton Elam<br>
<i>The Case for an A Priori Language</i><br>
Cincinnati: Open Sesame Press, 1932</p>
<p> Oz is an <i>a priori</i> language [with invented vocabulary rather than
borrowing vocabulary from natural languages]. Elam also came up with a
non-Gregorian calendar and a separate script, inasmuch as he admitted
that in the Roman alphabet it presented an "uncouth" (his word)
appearance. (It looks like an explosion in a typesetting shop: upper and
lower case vowel letters represent different sounds, and 'Q' is a vowel.)
The vocabulary was to be based on <i>Roget's Thesaurus</i>. (He seems
not to have worked it out in its entirety.) [See <a href="roxhai.htm">Roxhai</a>
for an independent attempt at this type of language design.]</p>
<p> From the introduction:</p>
<p>"A misapprehension under which the opponents of the <i>a priori</i>
method of language construction labor is that an <i>a priori </i>language
can be constructed only on the principles of Bishop Wilkins' Real Character
or Foster's <a href="mlindex.htm#Ro">Ro</a>. An examination of this book
will thoroughly demonstrate<br>
the fallacy of this assumption."</p>
<p> Some sample sentences:</p>
<p><i>ep ipIv adgIv az afbQt.</i><br>
I came to the city.<br>
<i>ep ipIv adglIv az afblQt.</i><br>
I came from the country.<br>
<i>ep iplIv adgIv az afblQt.</i><br>
I went to the country.<br>
<i>ep iplIv adglIv az afbQt.</i><br>
I went from the city.<br>
<i>ep iptIv adIf az afbQt.</i><br>
I entered the city.<br>
<i>ep iptIv adlIf az afbQt.</i><br>
I departed from the city.<br>
<i>hEv az andAslUt iftlEplezlais kek anpAtpyaup, ek iftEgtOg adpad astlaup.</i><br>
Because the wicked do not recieve their just deserts immediately,<br>
they grow bold in transgression.</p>
<p>-- <br>
Paul <bartlett@smart.net><br>
..........................................................<br>
Paul O. Bartlett, P.O. Box 857, Vienna, VA 22183-0857, USA<br>
Keyserver (0xF383C8F9) or WWW for PGP public key<br>
Home Page: <a href="https://www.smart.net/%7Ebartlett">https://www.smart.net/~bartlett</a></p>
<h2 align="left"><a name="Tutonish"></a>Tutonish: an Anglo-German Union
Tongue</h2>
<p align="left">From: Paul O Bartlett <pobart@ACCESS.DIGEX.NET> </p>
<p align="left">Date: Thu, 13 Jun 1996 17:17:58 -0400 (EDT)</p>
<p align="left">Subject: CONLANG: FOLKSPRAAK: Considered Tutonish?</p>
<p align="left">I have not participated in the Folkspraak effort, because
the only Germanic (more or less) language that I know is English. However,
in my conlang browsings at the U.S. Library of Congress, I came across
material on what seems to be at least superficially a similar effort from
the late 1800s and early 1900s, and I was wondering if the Folkspraakischers
have given it any consideration.</p>
<p align="left">Tutonish was designed and advocated by Elias Molee, an American-born
Norwegian, as an Anglo-Germanic "union tongue." He literally
intended it to become the new mother tongue of the Germanic speaking countries,
not just an IAL. It has a phonetic spelling, a simplified grammar based
somewhat on that of English, and a semi-pan-Teutonic vocabulary. In a
manner somewhat reminiscent of Peano, in one of his books he starts out
in standard English and introduces changes as he goes along, winding up
writing in Tutonish (with a few words explained in parentheses).</p>
<p align="left">I got the idea that there might be just a touch of "Aryan"
racialism in his idea, but it looked like an interesting language experiment
at least somewhat akin to Folkspraak.</p>
<p align="left">Here is the Lord's Prayer in Tutonish. Note that the Tutonish
orthography does not use upper-case letters.</p>
<p align="left">du lord'on bied </p>
<div align="left">
<ul>
<li>vio fadr hu bi in himl; holirn be dauo nam; </li>
<li>dauo reich kom; dauo vil be dun an erd, als it </li>
<li>bi in himl; giv vi dis dag vio dagli bred; </li>
<li>en fergiv vi vio shulds, als vi fergiv </li>
<li>vio shulders; en lied vi nit inzu fersieku </li>
<li>but frie vi fon ievl. let so bi. </li>
</ul>
</div>
<p align="left">Molee published several books, starting in the 1880s. I
didn't look at the earlier ones, but apparently they were an appeal for
a "Teutonic" English rather than the Romano-Teutonic hybrid
it now is. (At least, that's my guess.) He may have later expanded this
idea into a common mother tongue (literally) for all the Germanic peoples
(all the way to Australia and NZ). Molee proposed that Tutonish be taught
in all the schools in all the Germanic countries for a period of time
and then phased into official use.</p>
<p align="left">However, in all fairness I did read one remark about the
"Romanic" peoples having a "union tongue" of their
own. (Obviously, he was a little early for IALA Interlingua.) From a cursory
glance he may have thought that the "Aryan" peoples (I didn't
see him actually use the term) should have their own common language,
and seemed to think they had/have some de facto superiority in the world,
but he was not averse to other "peoples" having their own common
tongue, as well.</p>
<p align="left">His methodology makes quick perusal a little difficult.
As I mentioned earlier, he starts with standard English and develops the
idea as he goes along, rather than giving any formal description all at
once, so you almost have to read the book from the start to pick up all
of it (although once you get the phonetic spelling down, you can read
a fair bit of it, which was part of the whole idea).</p>
<p align="left">I am appending an extract from the LoC's online catalog
for Molee's works. As with all older items in the online catalog, there
is the possibility of transcription errors. (Mainly I looked at item 9,
which was the largest and presumably most complete.)</p>
<p align="left">FILE:PREM; TITLE/LINE-SET 4 ITEMS 1-6 OF 9</p>
<p align="left">1. ltf91-41631: Molee, Elias, 1845- Plea for an American
language, or Germanic-English, showing the necessity of systematic spelling
and of making our words pure, self-developed and self-explaining according
to Greek, German, and Irish models, with a grammar, reader, and vocabulary
of the proposed American language ... The present English proven to be
a national misfortune, Chicago, J. Anderson, 1888. 303 p.</p>
<p align="left">LC CALL NUMBER: 4PE 118</p>
<p align="left">2. unk83-82206: Molee, Elias. Miu teutonish. [n.p., n.d.]
1 v. cm.</p>
<p align="left">LC CALL NUMBER: PM882 .M7</p>
<p align="left">3. unk82-92609: Molee, Elias. Pure Saxon English ... [n.p.]
1890. 1 v. cm.</p>
<p align="left">LC CALL NUMBER: PM8862 .M718</p>
<p align="left">4. unk82-84784: Molee, Elias. Plea for an American language
or Germanic-English [n.p.] 1888. 1 v. cm.</p>
<p align="left">LC CALL NUMBER: PM8862 .M715</p>
<p align="left">5. 25-19881: Molee, Elias, 1845- Germanik English, Bristol
[S.D.] Bristol</p>
<p align="left">news print., 1889. 64 p. 21 cm.</p>
<p align="left">LC CALL NUMBER: PM8862 .M65 (Rare Bk Coll.)</p>
<p align="left">6. 24-23460: Molee, Elias, 1845- Tutonish, an international
union language, [London, K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & co., ltd, 1908.
48 p. 22 cm.</p>
<p align="left">LC CALL NUMBER: PM8862 .M75</p>
<p align="left">FILE:PREM; TITLE/LINE-SET 4 ITEMS 7-9 OF 9</p>
<p align="left">7. 24-23459: Molee, Elias, 1845- Tutonish, et internationalt
faellessprog under angelsaksisk ledelse; Kristiania, Tutonish forlag,
i hovedkommission hos H. M. Lund [1909] 44 p. illus. 22 cm.</p>
<p align="left">LC CALL NUMBER: PM8862 .M75</p>
<p align="left">8. 04-32300: Molee, Elias, 1845- Tutonish; a Teutonic international
language, Tacoma, Washington, U. S. A., E. Molee [c1961] 9 p. illus. 15
cm.</p>
<p align="left">LC CALL NUMBER: PM8862 .M72</p>
<p align="left">FILE:LOCI; TITLE/LINE-SET 4</p>
<p align="left">9. 03-15423: Molee, Elias, 1845- Tutonish: or, Anglo-German
union tongue.</p>
<p align="left">Chicago, Scroll publishing company, 1902. 206, [2] p. front.
(port.) 16 cm.</p>
<p align="left">LC CALL NUMBER: PM8862 .M73 </p>
<hr>
<p align="left">Copyright (C) 1996-1999 Paul Bartlett. All rights reserved.</p>
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